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Hungary and the hungarians. Western Europe’s view in the middle ages
During the Middle Ages the majority of people in Western Europe never met any Hungarians. They didn’t even hear about them, as news about Hungary only reached Western Europe in times of extraordinary historical events– such as the adoption of Christianity at the turn of the 11th century, or the devastating Tatar invasion in 1241-1242. Obtaining information about the Hungarians from books was also difficult, as medieval Europe, even as late as in the 15th-16th centuries, lacked libraries that would have offered greater numbers of works on Hungary or on Hungarian topics. On top of it all, works that contained the most detailed and accurate information remained unknown, in their own period; posterity only found them in rare manuscript copies discovered much later. Yet once collected, we find that these sources, originating from distant parts of the continent and written for different purposes, contain information about Hungary and the Hungarians that most often reaffirm one another.This work examines these sources and sets out to answer four major questions: What did people in medieval Western Europe know, think, and believe about the Hungarians and Hungary? To what degree was this knowledge constant or fluid over the centuries that made up the medieval era, and were changes in knowledge followed by any changes in appreciation? Where was the country located in the hierarchy of European countries on the basis of the knowledge, suppositions, and beliefs relating to it? What were the most important elements in this image of the Hungarians and of Hungary, and which of them became the most enduring stereotypes? -
Neither disobedients nor rebels. Lawful resistance in early modern Italy
It is a widely known fact that during the conflict between the American Colonies and Great Britain, which resulted in independence and the birth of the United States of America, the insurgents presented their collective actions as lawful forms of resistance and defense against an unjust government in the motherland, which threatened their freedoms. They therefore did not consider themselves either disobedient or rebels. These views and these claims had, moreover, characterized early modern European history for centuries, on the basis of a shared politico-juridical culture. This volume analyzes some Italian urban rebellions that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries (Urbino, Messina, Mondovì, Castiglione dello Stiviere) from this perspective, emphasizing the resemblances with the Catalan (1640) and Neapolitan (1647) revolts. Fundamental problems emerge from all the cases under consideration: the borderline between loyalty and obedience, between unconditional and conditional obedience, the issue of sovereignty and its limits. -
La Iglesia en Palacio. Los eclesiásticos en las cortes hispánicas (siglos XVI-XVII)
El estudio del poder eclesiástico en la corte del Rey Católico muestra un panorama complejo y contradictorio. La España de los validos fue, por ejemplo, la misma que impidió a los religiosos ocupar este puesto. Y la España que censuraba libros era la misma que se escandalizaba de los sermones predicados libremente ante el rey en Palacio. Laicos y religiosos rivalizaban por influir en los diversos gobiernos de la Monarquía. El confesor obtenía su poder gracias al control del “secreto real”, los predicadores sentenciaban con la autoridad que Dios les había concedido y los capellanes participaban en las facciones palatinas. ¿Supuso esto una teologización de la política, como afirma un sector de la historiografía?En todo caso, confesionalización no es sinónimo de teologización: en el gobierno del Rey Católico la primera apenas se discutía, mientras la segunda se sometía a debate. Teologizada o no, la historia de los eclesiásticos cortesanos de la galaxia Habsburgo muestra otra vertiente del llamado poder pastoral antes de que la Ilustración iniciara su derribo. -
Ravenna: Sedes Imperii. Artistic Trajectories in the Late Antique Mediterranean
Ravenna was one of the most significant administrative, political, and religious centres of the late antique period. This book focuses on the period between the transfer of the imperial court to Ravenna (402) and the last western emperor Romulus Augustus’ deposition by the Germanic commander Odoacer (476), a period when Ravenna was the seat of western emperors. The book is premised on the author’s conviction that individual surviving examples of architecture, along with their decoration, sarcophagi, ivory, and gold objects, can be best understood not only by examining their historical context and iconography, but also looking at the very material of these objects and how their production was organised. The book therefore focuses primarily on craftsmen and their traditions, and deliberate breaks with tradition, and on the way workmen moved about the late antique world and thereby fostered the exchange and spread of technology and artistic models. It thus present Ravenna not as an isolated phenomenon (as Ravenna is very often presented in the literature) but as one of many players in the political, ecclesiastical, and social games of the late antique world. -
Non contrarii, ma diversi. The question of the jewish minority in early modern Italy
This book brings together a number of contributions that throw a new light on the history of Jewish communities in late-medieval and early modern Italy (15th-18th centuries). The different, monographic approaches form a homogeneous interpretation of this history, a collective and original reflection on the question of Jewish minority in a broader (Christian) society. Both the Christian and the Jewish sides are taken into consideration, and an important number of chapters consider concrete situations, Jewish texts and authors very rarely studied in the research on Jewish-Christian relation. -
Compel people to come in. Violence and catholic conversion in the non-european world
“Compelle intrare”: since the time of St Augustine, St Luke’s words in the parable of the Banquet have served as a justification for forced conversion to Christianity. Challenging this tradition, in 1686 Pierre Bayledenounced how a literal interpretation of the parable had led to a long line of crimes, and argued that “nothing is more abominable than obtaining conversion by coercion”.In recent decades, scholarly research on conversion in the Early Modern Age has increasingly focused on intriguing aspects such as the fluidity of converts’ identity and their crossing of borders – both geographical and confessional. This book takes a different perspective and brings the focus back to the dark side of conversion, to the varying degrees of violence that accompanied Catholic missionary activities in the non-European World in the 16th and 17th centuries. The essays collected here examine three areas where, sometimes visibly, sometimes much more subtly, the violent aspects of conversion took shape: doctrine, missionary practice, and the conversion narratives. Investigating the connection between violence and conversion is a way to reflect not only on the early modern world, but also on that of the present day, when conversion – including by coercion – has yet again become a significant issue. -
Confessionalization on the frontier. The Balkan catholics between Roman Reform and Ottoman reality
This book presents a lesser-known chapter of the cultural history of the Ottoman Balkans, the world of its Catholic communities and institutions. Alongside Orthodox Christians, Muslims and Jews, Catholics lived in nearly every area of the Balkan Peninsula in the 16th and 17th centuries.The great religious revolution of the early modern age, confessionalization, did not leave the Balkan Catholics untouched. Unlike the Christian confessional states of Europe, the Ottoman Empire, with Islam as its state religion, neither assisted nor impeded the formation of denominations, but put many obstacles in the way of their institutional growth. The confessionalization of Catholics in the European frontier regions of the Ottoman Empire thus resulted in a peripheral and unestablished Catholicism.This book explores the peculiarities of this local Catholic confessionalization in the Balkans through a micro-analytical approach. The prime objective of the book is to contribute – through an exploration of the history of the Balkan Catholics – to the renewal of research into the early modern Mediterranean world. -
Plotinus and the origins of medieval aesthetics
Plotinus and the Origins of Medieval Aesthetics, an iconic essay of byzantinist André Grabar, first published in 1945 in French, is here presented to the reader for the first time translated in English. It is preceded by an historiographical introduction by Adrien Palladino, presenting the genesis of the text, replacing it within the opus of the scholar, and assessing its relevance within the new horizons of the field of art history. -
The Árpáds and their wives. Queenship in Early Medieval Hungary (1000-1301)
The book describes the structure of the Hungarian queenship in the age of the Árpáds (11-13th centuries), and reveals the nature of the relationship between the institution of the kingship and the queenship. Several features in the institution of queenship would appear to be parallel to that of kings; after all, the queens had estates (just like the kings) with serfs (as on the kings’ lands). The legal status and structure of the order of these serfs were the same as in the kings’ household. The queen had a court (as did the king), there were similar dignitaries in both courts, and the queen even had a chancellery to issue charters in her name (similarly to the king). Yet, while the individual elements of the two institutions appear to mirror each other, there were significant differences in their quantity and importance, those of the kings having a clear advantage over the queens’. This book aims to clarify these essentially different structures. A major finding of the book is to point out the place of the institution of queenship: it was not parallel to, but, rather, within the authority of the king. The institution of queenship remained within the boundaries set upon it by the kings’ authority throughout the age of the Árpáds. As a result, the institution of queenship did not benefit from the accumulation of external influences brought along by the queens of various foreign dynasties. Rather, just as the power of the kings, it was basically shaped by factors characteristic of institutional developments within Hungary. -
Orient oder Rom? History and reception of a historiographical myth (1901-1970)
Today, the question of the origins of Christian aesthetics is no longer a topical issue in medieval art history, although a persuasive answer has never been formulated. One of the reasons for this oblivion deals with the looming figure of Josef Strzygowski, who published his pivotal volume Orient oder Rom in 1901, now discredited for its racial and proto-Nazi ideas. However, the debate does not concern Strzygowski alone: the prodromes of this critical concept go back to the nineteenth century, when the Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires fought to control contested territories, and studies of the humanities mirrored these conflicts.This volume, originating in the urgency to reflect on this pivotal conundrum in our field, attempts to reconstruct the (mis)fortune of a question that, according to Alois Riegl, “is the most important and most trenchant one in the entire history of mankind to date”. -
Los motz e l so afinant. Cantar, illegir, escriure la lirica dels trobador
La poesia dels trobadors va ser concebuda com paraula viva, efímerament cristal·litzada en la performance davant una elit d’entesos. Aquesta intersecció de paraula, música i cos, i la recepció, oral i escrita, de la literatura trobadoresca configuren el marc conceptual en què s’inscriu aquest llibre. La relació entre vocalitat i escriptura en etapes que no han deixat petja manuscrita, així com les transformacions a què van donar lloc la lectura, la hibridació de gèneres, o els nous circuits geogràfics i socioculturals que van assimilar la lírica de cort occitana, són alguns dels temes que s’hi aborden. A través d’una sèrie de cales estratègiques, el volum reuneix treballs diversos: alguns, de tall filològic, indaguen les fonts i el sentit de textos connectats a la tradició lírica occitana; d’altres, de caire més interdisciplinari, exploren el significat del llegat trobadoresc endinsant-se en terrenys tan diferents com les ciències cognitives o la creació operística contemporània. -
Women's history at the cutting edge. An italian perspective
What have the achievements of Women’s and Gender History, as a field of study, been in Italy? To what extent has it succeeded in making women’s history an integral part of academic enquiry rather than an optional specialist area? What impact has the study of manhood and masculinities had on our understanding of women’s lives? What is the relationship between gender studies and new critical histories of colonialism and empire, contact zones, cross-cultural encounters and racialisation? How is new work on cultural geography and spatial categories impacting our historical understandings of bodily differences? The articles collected here are inspired by these questions, previously posed by Karen Offen and Chen Yan to an international group of historians. They discuss several critical themes, including: the challenges the field has experienced in the Italian institutional context and which it continues to face today; how we can move the conversation beyond Italy and Europe to other international arenas; and how to expand the research on topics like the history of masculinities, gay and lesbian studies, colonial studies, and global history. This volume has been published with the support of the Giunta Centrale per gli Studi Storici. -
The economy of God. Family and market in christianity, judaism and islam
This book explains why and how the three monotheistic religions – Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – developed and then imposed distinct family and kinship systems during the period of their doctrinal elaboration, as well as their respective religious and political affirmation in the first millennium AD. Consciously opposed to each other, these deep structures created impassable cultural and social barriers between them, some of which persist to this today. Moreover, they have had considerable economic and political consequences: the gradual establishment of a “free market” and, partially, “state-run” economies in the West; the persistence of the state’s dominant role in the Muslim world; and a “diaspora economy” in the Jewish world. The Economy of God analyzes the main features of these divergent developments, by applying the theses of K. Marx, M. Weber and K. Polanyi to the topic at hand in novel ways. In doing so, the author sheds new light on a subject that is a burning issue also in our days. -
Beyond the wall. Franciscan friary in early modern Olomouc
The wall separating the cloister from the surrounding world is one of the most distinctive features of a monastery: it marks out the community of monks or friars and defines the very essence of a cloister. However, this wall was never completely impenetrable. Those inside interacted with those outside – in churches, in towns and villages, or even in the cloisters. It is this permeability of the cloister wall what constitutes the central motif of this book. Using the example of the Franciscan Friary of St Bernardino in Olomouc (nowadays in the Czech Republic) it analyses the interaction of the friars and the urban community. It focuses on the 17th and 18th centuries when, following the suppression of non-Catholic confessions, Roman Catholicism became the only official religion and the city became one of major ecclesiastical centres in the Habsburg Lands. The Franciscans significantly contributed to the formation of the new Catholic confessional culture in the city, yet they were just one of the many agents. They were forced to constantly re-negotiate their position and to compete with other religious institutions. The mendicant character of the order eventually proved to be their main advantage. Although the life in strict poverty brought many complications, it also greatly enhanced the prestige of the friars. Simultaneously, it motivated them to search for new and efficient ways to address the people. Begging for alms thus became one of the main forms of interaction between the friary and the local community, allowing the mendicants to extend their reach significantly, to emphasise their uniqueness and importance, and to patiently build their own network of ties to the local population. The story of the friary of St Bernardino in Olomouc demonstrates that early modern Roman Catholicism was not built unilaterally, from the top down, but was instead the result of synergy and even conflicts between many actors. -
Republicanism. A theoretical and historical perspective
We live in a world in which almost all states purport to be republican. Very few adhere to the Ciceronian concept of res publica, understood as “that which belongs to the popolo (respublica respopuli) […] and which has the observance of the law and the commonality of interests as its foundation”. The concept of republicanism is traditionally connected to the principle that true political freedom consists of not being subject to the arbitrary will of any man or group of men, and it requires equality of civil and political rights. Republicanism has attracted scholars who aim to develop insights from the classical republican tradition into an attractive political doctrine suitable for modern pluralistic societies. The volume examines republicanism from an historical and theoretical perspective after many years of scholarly investigation and debate. -
Inventing medieval Czechoslovakia 1918-1968. Between slavs, germans, and totalitarian regimes
Is it possible to “invent” the past? Through a series of studies, this volume explores the history of how this process occurred in Czechoslovakia within the period from about the end of the First World War until the 1960s. It focuses specifically on the re-invention of the “national” Middle Ages at the background of the meeting of different linguistic and ethnic groups — Czechs, Slovaks, Germans, and Russians — where one group would often negate, reshape, and ignore the point of view of the other, within an increasingly fractured political geography of the country. The presented case studies show how research on medieval artworks and objects could become a fertile ground for the creation of ideological tools and narratives. In this way, understanding the historiography of art history also contributes to redefining Central Europe as a place of transcultural encounters and dialogues, beyond historical ruptures. -
Pittura e committenza in Lombardia tra Due e Trecento. L'ascesa di una signoria e la genesi di un linguaggio
Questo libro affronta il problema della genesi e dei caratteri del linguaggio pittorico lombardo prima del decisivo soggiorno milanese di Giotto (1335-1336) e del suo allievo Stefano. Vi si svolge un racconto che prende le mosse dal ciclo di affreschi che nella rocca di Angera celebra la vittoria di Ottone Visconti a Desio e si conclude con la prima decorazione del tiburio della chiesa abbaziale cistercense di Chiaravalle Milanese al tempo della signoria di Azzone Visconti. Il periodo della non scontata affermazione viscontea è ripercorso grazie a una selezione di opere dislocate lungo un tracciato regionale che risale la via Francigena da Parma a Lodi a Varese e che da lì si sposta a Como e Bergamo. Di volta in volta l'analisi delle testimonianze artistiche e quella dei loro contesti di committenza hanno permesso di ricostruire una trama di relazioni politiche e culturali largamente inedita e di tratteggiare uno spaccato storico nel quale finalmente emergono le figure dei protagonisti. -
Democrazia machiavelliana. Machiavelli, il potere del popolo e il controllo delle élites
Niccolò Machiavelli non è stato un consigliere dei tiranni, né il teorico delle istituzioni repubblicane, ma un pensatore radicale e populista, principalmente preoccupato di contenere con tutti gli strumenti disponibili lo strapotere delle élites finanziarie della Firenze del suo tempo. Con la sua originale reinterpretazione John P. McCormick ha riorientato gli studi sulla teoria politica del Cinquecento e polarizzato attorno alle sue tesi il dibattito internazionale sul fiorentino, contribuendo in maniera decisiva all'attuale ""Machiavelli Renaissance"""" non solo tra gli storici ma anche tra i teorici della democrazia. In un momento in cui la crescente diseguaglianza economica e politica mette a repentaglio le conquiste sociali del XX secolo e minaccia la tenuta delle stesse istituzioni rappresentative, McCormick trova proprio nell'opera di Machiavelli - con i suoi tribuni della plebe e i suoi processi popolari - alcune possibili risposte alla grande crisi di questi anni."" -
Brunelleschi's Basilica. The building of Santo Spirito in Florence
Brunelleschi’s basilica of Santo Spirito in Florence was not only a product of creative genius, but also of communal bureaucracy, socio-economic traditions, human and financial resources, factionalism, and rivalry. This complex network of forces behind the monument serves as testimony to the determination and capacity of Renaissance Florentines to actualize the creative ideas of the extraordinary artists and architects who were transforming the profile of the city. Moreover, it reveals that the labor, spirit, and energy of those human beings who were building Renaissance Florence were just as important to its manufacture as the brick, stone and wood used to build it. By investigating those aspects that defined the building tradition of the Renaissance – the architect, the Opera (building committee), the quartiere (neighborhood), the cantiere (worksite and workforce) – we discover that behind a great monument lies a monumental account of collective human achievement. -
Byzantium or democracy? Kondakov's legacy in emigration: the Institutum Kondakovianum and André Grabar, 1925-1952
The notion of “Byzantium” has for centuries been associated with autocracy, totalitarianism, and suppression of freedom. It thus became the favored model for the Russian autocracy. In the nineteenth-century, Russian scholars working under Tsarist regimes were, either explicitly or tacitly, condoning and even supporting the ruling autocracy. After the Revolution of 1917, however, many of these effectively complicit intellectuals left Russia for Western democracies. This book shows how this experience affected the lives of intellectuals who fled and transformed their scholarship. Archival materials and writings from the time reveal how scholarship can move from aspiration to reality, as it did for the Russian émigrés until the crash of 1929 and the rise of Nazism in Germany. But how is this relevant today? Because it shows how scholarship and science must be understood as part of history, and because it illustrates the power of hope. As studied and presented by émigrés from Tsarist totalitarianism, “Byzantium” came to be a multinational screen onto which scholars projected not only frustrations but also dreams.